Water, sanitation and hygiene education (WASH) have been emphasized as a component of an integrated control and elimination strategy in the WHA resolution on the bases that they should reduce schistosomiasis transmission by reducing human water contact. Recently, there has been global advocacy geared towards schistosomiasis transmission interruption, with a call in the year 2012 by the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 65.21, on countries to intensify control and initiate elimination campaigns.
This intervention is often delivered through school based deworming programme (SBDP) and offers many benefits to the treated children. Although chemotherapy is cost-effective and reduces schistosome infections in human hosts, it has a limitation in that it does not kill immature worms and has low impact on transmission. Like many other endemic countries, the control of schistosomiasis is through mass drug administration (MDA) using the drug of choice Praziquantel. Schistosomiasis infections have been shown to increase the susceptibility to or severity of co-infecting pathogens, and as a result the disease has been targeted for control and eventual elimination by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, mortality associated with these infections is low. Schistosomiasis contributes significantly to lower social economic conditions in areas where it is endemic and causes a great deal of disability thus reducing the work performance among the infected individuals. The programme was implemented until the year 2008, after which MDA was taken over by the Kenya National School based deworming programme. The preventive chemotherapy included a single dose of 40 mg/kg of Praziquantel administered using the tablet dose pole to determine the number of tablets to be taken by a child, and Albendazole as a single dose of 400 mg. The programme entailed mass drug administration (MDA) of preventive chemotherapy to all school age children in Mwea, Kirinyaga County. Ī school based schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths control programme was initiated in the year 2004 through collaboration between Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA). The distribution of Schistosomiasis in Kenya is such that Schistosoma haematobium is found mainly around the coast regions, some parts of Lake Victoria and Kano plains in Western Kenya, while Schistosoma mansoni occurs mainly in the Western parts of the country, and some parts of Central Kenya. Recent findings reported prevalence of 2.1% for Schistosoma mansoni, and 14.8% for Schistosoma haematobium among school going children. Two species are predominant in Kenya, Schistosoma haematobium and, Schistosoma mansoni. In Kenya, approximately six million people have schistosomiasis and an additional fifteen million are at risk of infection. Schistosomiasis is endemic in more than 78 countries, with more than 90% of the infections occurring in sub- Saharan Africa. According to the Global burden of disease report of 2013, more than 290 million people worldwide are estimated to be infected with schistosomiasis, about 600–780 million are at risk of infection, with morbidity due to these infections resulting to an estimated 2.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs).
Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted by Biomphalaria snails and Schistosoma haematobium, transmitted by Bulinus snails are the most prevalent Schistosoma species. Intestinal schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum where parasite eggs are released in faeces while urinary schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma haematobium, and parasite eggs are released in the urine. There are two types of schistosomiasis, intestinal and urinary. Known members ĭoolb Snoil was a notable member of this species, acting as one of the top legal minds of the Galactic Republic.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by a trematode worm of the genius Schistosoma. When the Cartel believed that the Vippits were too stingy, the Hutts hired an individual to collect what the Vippits did not want to hand over. At least some of them worshiped the Broodmaster.ĭuring the Cold War, the Vippits were at the leverage of the Hutt Cartel and forced to pay tributes. Vippits used viptiels to decorate their shells. However, such information could not be integrated until the Vippit slept, thus allowing its mind to pool the mental resources from both sides of its brain. Their twin eye stalks functioned independently and were capable of reading and absorbing information or other visual stimuli.
#Pika vippit skin#
The Vippits had one large foot with many toes and upon "walking", a yellow mucus trail was often left behind.Ī large, flat turquoise shell, which displayed deposits and rings, protected the wet and fleshy body aswell as the folds of skin underneath.
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